Elevated venous
pressure measured via the jugular vein, greater than 3 cm above the
sternal angle
Can be indicative
of right ventricular failure, reduced right ventricular compliance,
pericardial disease, hypervolemia, tricuspid valve stenosis, or obstruction
of the superior vena cava
Late finding in
left ventricular failure,
advanced mitral stenosis with right-sided heart failure (upright 90
degrees)