Pitting Edema

  • To assess edema apply pressure over bony prominence
    • In ambulatory patients, assess ankle, forefoot and shin
    • In non-ambulatory patients, use sacrum
  • Indentation lasting greater than 5 minutes considered pitting edema
  • Severity described on scale from 0-4
  • Indicative of sodium / water retention or right sided heart failure
  • Bilateral dependent edema (lower limbs) seen in heart failure or venous insufficiency
  • Unilateral edema usually due to local etiolology